- Obstructed kidneys (UPJ obstruction)
- Hydronephrosis
- Kidney stones
- Vesicoureteral reflux
- Abnormal ureters
- Ureterocele
- Hernia
- Hydrocele
- Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism)
- Retractile testis
- Phimosis and circumcision
- Buried penis
- Posterior urethral valves
- Hypospadias (Abnormal urethral opening)
- Ambiguous genitalia and Intersex
- Epispadias exstrophy and cloaca
- Urinary Tract Infections (Bladder/Kidney infections)
- Hematuria (blood in urine)
- Nocturnal enuresis (Bedwetting)
- Urinary incontinence (Leakage of urine)
- Urinary infection
- Hematuria
